Testosterone
Testosterone is a steroid hormone secreted by male testes or female ovaries. The adrenal glands also secrete a small amount of testosterone. It has the functions of maintaining muscle strength and quality, maintaining bone density and strength, refreshing and improving physical fitness.
Testosterone is a hormone that belongs to the class of androgens, which are responsible for the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics. It is produced primarily in the testes in males, while smaller amounts are also produced in the ovaries and adrenal glands in females.
Testosterone plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including:
1) Development of male reproductive organs: Testosterone is responsible for the development of the male reproductive system during fetal development and puberty. It influences the growth and maturation of the penis, testes, and prostate gland.
2) Secondary sexual characteristics: Testosterone is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males, such as facial and body hair growth, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass and strength.
3)Sperm production: Testosterone is essential for the production of sperm cells in the testes. It promotes the maturation of sperm and maintains their quality and motility.
4) Libido and sexual function: Testosterone plays a crucial role in regulating sexual desire (libido) and maintaining erectile function in males. It is involved in the mechanisms that initiate and maintain sexual arousal.
5) Bone density and muscle mass: Testosterone helps maintain bone density and stimulates the growth and development of skeletal muscle. It contributes to the maintenance of muscle mass and strength.
6) Testosterone levels naturally decline with age, and low testosterone levels can lead to symptoms such as decreased libido, fatigue, reduced muscle mass, and mood changes. In cases of clinically low testosterone levels, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may be prescribed to restore testosterone levels to a normal range.
Pharmaceutical dosage form
1)Testosterone propionate injection (oil): 10mg, 25mg, 50mg.
2.)Testosterone propionate implant: 75mg.
3.)Testosterone can also be combined with acetate, cypionate, caprate, enanthate, isocaproate, phenylpropionate and undecanoate to make injections for clinical use.
pharmacological effect
Testosterone is a natural androgen, and its propionate is clinically used, commonly known as testosterone propionate. A variety of pure and effective sex hormones that can be extracted from male urine are secreted by Leydig cells, collectively referred to as androgens, the most important of which is testosterone. The testes are not the only organs that secrete testosterone, the adrenal cortex and the ovaries in women also produce small amounts. Although testosterone is easily absorbed after oral administration, it is quickly destroyed by the liver and cannot exert any medicinal effect. The androgens currently used in clinical practice are all synthetic products. In addition to its androgenic effects, testosterone also has an obvious effect of promoting protein synthesis, also known as assimilation. In modern times, it was found from some synthetic testosterone derivatives that the androgenic activity of some derivatives was greatly weakened, while the assimilation effect was preserved or even strengthened. To distinguish it from real testosterone, these anabolic testosterone are called anabolic hormones.
pharmacokinetics
Testosterone can be absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, skin and oral mucosa, but after oral administration, it undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver, so it is often administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly, or transdermally. Only 80% of this product is combined with sex hormone-binding globulin in plasma, and it can also be combined with other proteins, and only 2% are not combined. Plasma t1/2 is 10-100min. This product is first oxidized and metabolized into androstenedione in the liver, and then becomes androsterone and cholanolone with very low activity, but combined with glucuronic acid and sulfuric acid and excreted in urine. About 6% of the original drug is excreted with feces after enterohepatic recirculation. This product can be transformed into more active dihydroketone testosterone and estrogen in some target tissues. The ester compound of this product has low polarity, and its oil agent absorbs slowly after intramuscular injection, and after absorption, it is hydrolyzed into testosterone to produce an effect.
Clinical data
|
Product Name |
17β-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one |
|
Other Name |
Androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one |
|
CAS |
58-22-0 |
|
Molar mass |
288.431 |
|
MF |
C19H28O2 |
|
Purity |
Above 98% |
|
Apprarance |
White to Off-White Cyrstalline Powder |
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What effcet dose testosterone replacement therapy have on body composition?
Muscle is an important target organ of testosterone, and the level of 5a reductase in muscle is very low. Hypogonadal adult men treated with testosterone supplementation resulted in increased body muscle mass, increased muscle strength, decreased body fat, and increased body density. Findings that androgen therapy may have beneficial effects on body composition are consistent across many studies. With aging, fat increases in the upper body and body, while muscle mass and strength decrease. Numerous studies of testosterone use in middle-aged and older men have shown that testosterone increases muscle tissue and reduces fat mass; simultaneously increases grip strength and lower body strength.
Sexual Effects:Male sexuality is associated with androgens. When the testes begin to secrete androgens during puberty, male sexuality begins to sprout and intensify.
Exogenous testosterone administration has been reported to increase libido in eugonadal men and to increase the firmness of nocturnal penile erections in normal young men. Androgens may have a direct effect on erectile tissue.
Testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men suggests that testosterone plays an important role in certain aspects of sexual performance.
Effects on the prostate:Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia) and prostate cancer are common diseases in middle-aged and elderly men. Androgens may play a promoting role in both diseases, and androgen suppression is used to treat both diseases. However, most studies in older adults that have measured parameters such as plasma prostate-specific antigen, prostate size, or urine flow have shown that testosterone treatment does not affect these parameters.
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